Adumu Safaris

David Sanare Ngoseck Mollel is a social entrepreneur, environmental scientist, conservationist, wildlife safari tour guide, and leader in socially responsible travel. David, or Ole Ngoseck as he is known, was raised in the Maasai community of Lengijave north of Arusha, Tanzania and currently resides near Sacramento, California. Earning a diploma in wildlife management from the College of African Wildlife Management in Mweka, Tanzania, a bachelor’s in Geography from CSU Sacramento, and a Master’s in sustainable tourism from Colorado State University, David has worked in safari tourism and wildlife management since he was 20 years old. Recently, he joined his wife, an academic and social justice advocate, in founding Adumu Safaris, a social impact safari company established to restore land, rights, culture, and economic self-determination to the Indigenous Maasai people and other host communities in East Africa through regional tourism reform, ecologically sustainable community-based tourism, and wildlife conservation.
The wildlife tourism industry impoverishes the Indigenous Maasai people of Tanzania and Kenya and threatens them with cultural extinction through land grabbing and forced evictions. Adding insult to injury, Maasai are objectified as tourist attractions and overlooked by tour companies for upper management roles and as field guides. We seek to ensure that Maasai are the primary beneficiaries of tourism occurring on their ancestral lands. Our solution is ecologically sustainable, community-based tours that restore land and culture, eliminate poverty regionally through fair practices, and conserve wildlife. Through our land restoration and empowerment program (Adumu Impact) funded with proceeds, we give the industry to the Maasai systematically and at scale for their own sustainable economic development, a model for transferring economies of wealth to populations that deserve them. Our model has a scalable, sustainable impact that can be employed to empower other host communities in East Africa and Indigenous groups globally.
Tourism impoverishes the Maasai and threatens them with cultural extinction. Maasai land rights are being snatched by an unsustainable and socially irresponsible travel industry that puts profits over people under the misleading guise of “ecotourism” (Mittal et al. 2017). Foreign operators reap huge profits by scoring Maasailand from the East African governments and using it for private tours (Gardner 2016). This action is part of a 75-year practice with roots in colonialism of persecuting Maasai and evicting them from their homelands. Over time, 75% of land has been lost, and currently 1.5 million Maasai are losing their traditions and ability to sustainably coexist with wildlife (MERC 2006). This case is an analogue for indigenous cultures worldwide. Pro-poor philanthropic measures in Africa including those dedicated to Maasai Empowerment tend to take the form of agricultural charity, service and volunteering, and small-scale economic ventures. While these are well-meaning and have an impact, they are not able to reach the scale that tourism has the potential to do. Where tourism poses a crisis, it also brings an opportunity. Currently, there is a huge need to leverage the billions of tourism dollars pouring into East Africa to build generational wealth in local communities.
Of all the measures to restore land, rights, culture, and economic empowerment to the Maasai, the most effective and efficient is ecologically sustainable, community-based tourism. Tourism is an industry that outpaces the global economy and has generated 1/5 of all global net jobs in the last decade. Wildlife safaris and beach holidays comprise a billion-dollar industry in East Africa, generating over 9.7% and 13.6% of the GDP and 9.0% and 11.6% total employment in Kenya and Tanzania respectively, and these figures are projected to grow through 2027 (WTTC). Adumu Safaris offers socially responsible, social impact tours that restore local land and culture, eliminate poverty regionally through fair practices, and conserve wildlife. Through our Maasai empowerment land restoration program, Adumu Impact, we give the industry to the Maasai systematically and at scale for their own sustainable economic development. In the early years of Adumu, we focus on building the safari company and earning tourism revenue, training and employing Maasai women and men through our tours, and supporting Maasai communities to form cooperatively owned safari lodges. We will proceed to form community-managed Wildlife Management Areas in Tanzania, and ultimately generate enough revenue to buy back land where Maasai have been evicted.
Maasai have co-existed with wildlife for hundreds of years. Our pastoralist way of life is very low impact on the environment. We are sustained by cattle which we graze in different green areas throughout the year. When we have access to the full range of our ancestral homelands, overgrazing is not an issue. Also, we do not engage in mass agriculture, leaving habitats unimpacted. When not threatened by poverty, we can maintain our traditional livelihoods while allowing wildlife to thrive.
Today, Maasai need land and jobs. We need hold of the industry that gives us most control of our economic and cultural future. We need the power to portray our image on our own terms and undo cultural stereotypes with roots in colonialism that generate inequity and injustice. We need environmental conservation to live traditionally, coexisting with with wildlife and with little carbon footprint--a model for humankind in this era of climate change.
Adumu provides the land, financial stability, and community-based management that leads to these things. By restoring land and handing over upskill in tourism management, we create a Black-owned African industry in the hands of the Maasai that sustains the people and the planet and fosters cross-cultural respect.
- Elevating opportunities for all people, especially those who are traditionally left behind
“Adumu” is the dance traditionally performed by the Maasai in which warriors enter a circle and repeatedly jump high into the air. The higher the warrior elevates, the more glory he receives and the more pleasure the community takes. We chose “Adumu” as an emblem of Maasai at the height of our cultural glory and of elevating out of poverty and land rights abuses linked to irresponsible tourism and the aftermath of colonialism. We are elevating opportunities for those left behind, building awareness around the crisis of irresponsible tourism and Indigenous land rights, and driving a scalable and replicable solution.
In 2018, I prepared to start a Master's in sustainable tourism while continuing to work on human-wildlife conflicts for California Fish and Wildlife. At the same time, my wife came across a study by the Oakland Institutedocumenting the erosion of Maasai culture through land rights abuses in the Serengeti, corroborating my own experience as a Maasai growing up in that area. In the context of my studies, my experience as a Maasai struggling to survive culturally and physically in the face of community land loss, and my wife’s work in Black Studies and social justice research, we began to brainstorm together how to lead safari tours in a way that not only avoids the problem but reverses it. We learned from Maasai activists that tourism poses a crisis but also an opportunity for Maasai attempting to hold onto their ancestral homelands. We learned from friends in the social impact world how social enterprises are efficient tools for scalable impact solutions. Soon, we came up with the idea of “Adumu Safaris”, a social impact safari company named after the “jumping dance”, en emblem of Maasai cultural pride, tradition, sustainable-coexistence with wildlife, and metaphor for Maasai uplift.
As a proud Maasai raised near Tanzania’s game parks, I experienced the problem of land rights abuses as they eroded the wellbeing of my village. I have seen firsthand through my family the dire effects of tourism policies that put profits over people. My love of the region’s wildlife led me into safari tourism where I have seen a lack of Black African management/ownership and profits filtering out to white owned enterprises in wealthy countries. My studies in sustainable tourism have provided clarity around injustices in my homeland and tools to solve the problem. My passion for this issue has been heightened learning from my wife, an African American woman and accomplished scholar of Black culture who studied in Kenya and worked at a feminist activist organization in Tanzania. Together, with her social justice background working to uplift Black communities globally, we share a passion to end injustices in the name of tourism. We share a vision of Africa’s prominent role in the global future stemming from the community-based development of Africa. We share a love of the outdoors, wildlife, and Black culture, and we are bound by a responsibility to preserve the Maasai heritage for our children.
I am an environmental scientist, having worked on conservation and human-wildlife conflict issues for California Fish and Wildlife, the University of California, and the College of African Wildlife Management. I am an experienced tour operator and field guide, having run a successful safari company in Tanzania before Adumu Safaris. I am educated in wildlife management and sustainable tourism from leading institutions in Africa and the U.S. My recent graduate studies have bolstered my industry knowledge and enhanced my network of social entrepreneurs in tourism and adventure travel. Most importantly, I am a member of the community being served, which grants me a level of respect, trust, and access to successfully engage in community-based projects. I am also a Tanzanian citizen with permanent residency in the U.S., granting me leverage to bridge resources from the U.S. to the local context in East Africa, something that smaller community-based tourism operations lack. Finally, I am part of a “package” that includes my co-founder and wife, a published scholar with a Ph.D. from Cornell University who earned grants and fellowships for social justice research. She has put her skills learned in climbing the academic ladder to building a team of social impact partners with overlapping missions, such as the Maasai Education, Culture, and Research Institute, and the Nashulai Conservancy. She has also used skills learned in university teaching to create travel experiences and to recruit and manage teams of student interns working hard under our instruction and leadership to build our organization.
I was raised in a rural village with no electricity or running water. I started herding cattle at the age of 5, but my mother was committed to education, so she found a way to send me to school. I rose through form 4 (12th grade) and later graduated from CAWM. I sought out community college in the U.S. which I paid for by working multiple jobs. I transferred to Sacramento State, working toward my degree while giving tours in TZ to support myself and family back home. I finally “made it” when I was hired by Fish and Wildlife as an environmental scientist. I owe my positive attitude about the circumstances in my life to my mother, especially her faith that education would provide opportunities for her children, and my sense of perseverance and resilience to my father, the men in my village, and my culture, which trained me to be a strong warrior in everything I do. This trajectory demonstrates how my warrior attitude has served me well to rise up from poverty, but also how I fell into the right opportunities through fortune, a fortune I want extended to others from where I came.
I believe that leadership is about ambition, vision, audacity, responsibility, exemplarity, diligence, and drive. No act demonstrates my possession of these qualities more than the example of rising out of poverty and then returning to my community with a responsibility to the people upon whose shoulders I stand. I continue to lead by example, demonstrating through my present enterprise, Adumu Safaris, how a true leader only helps himself by helping others. Already, Adumu is gaining traction and recognition in the tourism industry, in the social impact landscape for our innovative intervention, and among local organizations and communities for the people we have already impacted. A leader is also only as good as the people he surrounds himself with. In this sense my leadership standards are maintained by the company of my co-founder and wife, who demonstrates the qualities mentioned above in her role as a college professor where she leads hundreds of students on semester-long learning journeys and ushers students through mentorship to design their best lives. Together we lead our team of volunteers and interns through inspiration, direction, and example, and we proudly take the reins of leadership to reform the safari tourism industry through action and example.
- Hybrid of for-profit and nonprofit

Co-founder