associations of albumin level to emergence of resistance

combat resistance by optimizing the efficacy of antibiotics through protein binding to albumin. Low levels of albumin increases the apparent total volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance (CL) resulting in inadequate doses. Levels of antibiotics below minimum inhibitory concentrations induces a stress response in bacteria promoting integrons .

Mogala Jane Mokgoba (apocathery)

master of pharmacy in pharmacology student in university of limpopo

chairperson of antimicrobial stewardship program

managing director of Mok Pharmaceutical

pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of the antibiotics are not considered in clinical practice. protein binding increases the efficacy of antibiotics. Hypoalbuminemia is predominant in sepsis leading to decreased protein binding yielding increased antibiotic volume of distribution and drug clearance thus resulting in inadequate doses promoting the development of integrons

the solution serves critically ill patients where hypoalbunemia is predominant in order to preserve the efficacy of existing antibiotics by optimizing treatment through pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of protein binding , drug delivery and therapeutic drug monitoring

combating antibiotic resistance is a global problem since antibiotiocs are synthetic derivatives from micro-organisms ,integrons are prevalent for bacteria 's survival thereof new antibiotics and existing antibiotics are susceptible to resistance if we do not optimize their efficacy through protein binding to albumin with high circulatory half life  in the blood promoting increased biovailability of the antibiotic in therapeutic doses . 

the solution will have impact on patient namely , neonates ,paeds and critically ill patients in intensive care unit with burns, surgical interventions and cancer where the pathological state of hypoalbuminemia is prevalent. The first achievement will be reduced mortality. antibiotics are acidic drugs that require binding to albumin to deliver effective therapeutic doses to the site of infection . 

when albumin is optimized ,the apparent volume of distribution and antibiotic clearance will decrease resulting in more contact time with the bacteria at effective dosing level

therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended for dose adjustments

retrospectively the researcher observed that low albumin levels are associated with the emerged antibiotic resistance thereof prospectively in clinical practice ,albmin as drug delivery mechanism is optimized to ensure adequate doses. measurements will be done on the rate of emerging antibiotic resistance with hypoalbuminemia and compared to the rate of prevalent antibiotic resistance where pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles are incorporated into practice

retrospectively the researcher will identify the rate of antibiotic resistance in patients presented with pathologic states of hypoalbumenia.

in clinical practice ,albumin optimization will be ensured for adequate drug delivery to the site of action to optain optimum therapeutic drug level and alos compare to the rate of emerged resistance with optimized albumin level

in the low income countries,we lack resources for therapeutic drug monitoring levels. to ensure also dose optimization after administering optimum levels of albumin. the reseacher also has knowledge of the indigeneous herbal medicines and interested in extraction of phytochemicals that have antimicrobial activities the barrier is funds to grow MOK Pharmaceuticals to be the company responsible for drug discovery through pharmacognosy